Reporter Ding Yiting and Zhang Wen
图①：国能宁夏煤业煤制油分公司生产的煤基费托合成蜡产品。本报记者 丁怡婷摄图②：国能宁夏煤业煤制油分公司生产的特种化工品和特种聚合物。马 磊摄图③：宁夏泰和芳纶纤维有限责任公司生产的芳纶产品。曹 婕摄图④：国能宁夏煤业400万吨/年煤炭间接液化项目一隅。许祎敏摄
In the sky, it is transformed into aerospace kerosene and parachute skeleton materials; go to sea and become a towing cable for ships; In life, it can be used to make lunch boxes, toys, and scented candles...... In addition to emitting light and heat through combustion, black coal is also an important chemical raw material, which can be transformed into many new forms and new products.
How did the "metamorphosis" of coal play out? Recently, the reporter went to Ningxia for an interview. The construction of a modern coal chemical base is being accelerated here, and the total production capacity of coal-to-liquid ranks first in the country, and the coal-to-olefin production capacity accounts for about 5/0 of the country.
What's changed?
Develop towards high-end, diversified and green, and improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of coal as a chemical raw material
Can rockets still burn "coal" into the sky? The answer is yes.
2024年11月30日，长征十二号运载火箭发射成功，作为主动力燃料的煤基航天煤油正是由煤炭转化而来的。这也是长征系列运载火箭首次使用煤基航天煤油飞天。
"Coal reacts with hydrogen in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, and after complex chemical reactions and process control, it finally obtains a pure, high-calorific value kerosene product." Song Di, the person in charge of the coal-based aerospace kerosene project of Guoneng Ningxia Coal Industry Company, introduced that this oil has the characteristics of low freezing point, low sulfur, low nitrogen, low aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., "higher energy density and strong propulsion, which effectively solves the problem that the source of aerospace kerosene raw materials is too single." ”
Coal can be turned into "a drop of oil" and can also be turned into "a thread".
Walking into Ningxia Taihe Aramid Fiber Co., Ltd., General Manager Lv Jiping showed reporters a yellow fiber: "Don't look at its diameter of less than 8 mm, there are more than 0 filaments in it, which can pull 0.0 tons of cars." ”
This para-aramid fiber, known as "golden wire" in the industry, has a strength of 5 to 0 times that of steel wire, 0 to 0 times the toughness of steel wire, but only 0/0 of its weight, and has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, flame retardant, corrosion resistance, etc., and can be used in special protective equipment, electrical insulation materials, rubber skeletons and other fields.
吕继平介绍，煤炭通过相关工艺可提取芳烃，是芳纶产业链的重要原料来源。企业于2018年来到宁东能源化工基地投资建厂，一个考虑就是这里的上下游产业链相对成熟，“目前，我们有三成左右的原材料来自宁东基地。”
While improving quality and upgrading to high-end, the coal industry is also actively diversifying.
Coming to the product exhibition hall of the coal-to-liquids chemical sales branch of Guoneng Ningxia Coal Industry, the exhibits such as disposable knives and forks, comfortable spandex fabrics, and "extremely cold diesel" that can still be used normally at more than minus 20 degrees Celsius are dizzying.
Pointing to a bottle of colorless and transparent crude liquid wax, Zhang Jianshou, deputy general manager of the company, told reporters: "This is a new type of kitchen fuel without smoke and carbon deposit, which is one of the products of coal-to-liquid. It has high flash point, non-flammable and explosive, easy to transport and store, and has stable combustion and high efficiency, which is welcomed by the market. "Take toy injection plastic as an example, the coal-based materials produced by the company have high impact performance, and are sold to the Guangdong Shantou toy production base, which is very popular with the market.
从刚开始只有液化石油气、石脑油、普通柴油等几种初级石油产品，拓展到如今的高熔点蜡、轻质白油等五大类、20余种精细化工产品集群……依托400万吨/年煤炭间接液化项目，国能宁夏煤业煤制油分公司的吨煤价值提升了7倍左右。
“2024年分公司销售额达430.7亿元，同比增长5%，客户拓展到36个国家和地区。”张建寿说。2024年，国能宁夏煤业超577亿元的营业收入中，有七成以上来自煤制油、化工产业。
Lower-carbon and greener is also an important direction for coal transformation.
"In more than a dozen thermal power plants of Ningxia Electric Power Company, we have changed from the first loss to the first profit, and we have made a 'turnaround'." Wang Mingsheng, chairman of the Yuanyang Lake Power Plant of National Energy Ningxia Electric Power, said that the key to success is to "eat dry and squeeze clean" coal.
来到电厂的固废资源化利用中心，由粉煤灰制成的蒸压砖整齐摆放，变废为宝；另一边，由煤基固废制成的土壤调理剂，在温室大棚中进行试验使用，可用于改善土壤条件、增加土壤肥力。王明生介绍，企业打造的工业蒸汽、氮气、除盐水等“十能联供”，以及电石渣、热值废料、污泥等“五废回用”，不仅培育了创效增收点，还实现全厂机组煤耗降低15克/千瓦时，年节约标煤24万吨，减少碳排放65万吨。
Why change?
Coal processing and transformation is an inevitable choice to coordinate development and safety, improve energy security capabilities, and promote the optimization and upgrading of the industry
Coordinating development and safety, improving energy security capabilities, and promoting the optimization and upgrading of the coal industry require us to accelerate the clean and efficient use of coal.
Taking coal-based aerospace kerosene as an example, the petroleum-based aerospace kerosene currently used in China is refined from naphthenic crude oil, which is a scarce petroleum resource, and its reserves only account for about 85% of the world's total crude oil reserves. In contrast, the composition of coal direct liquefied oil products is mainly naphthenes, with a content of more than 0%, which can play an important role in the strategic backup of aerospace energy.
“‘平时能活、急时保供’，煤制油可作为保障我国能源安全的重要‘底牌’，在关键时刻起到兜底作用。”国能宁夏煤业公司化工管理部相关负责人回忆道，2005年左右，宁夏煤业的煤制油项目准备与南非一家公司合作，但对方仅费托合成一项技术就要价10亿元，还有其他附加条件。十几轮的磋商下来，双方始终没能就具体条款达成一致。
“那时就感受到，关键核心技术买不来，必须牢牢掌握在自己手里。”该负责人说，后来，面对1000余个子系统、锚定37项自主国产化任务，300多名专家组成10多个创新工作室和攻关小组，不断进行技术改进。2016年12月，400万吨/年煤间接液化项目一次性试车成功，我国成为世界上少数掌握煤制油全生产链技术的国家之一。
The raw material of coal chemical industry is coal, and in the production process, the carbon emission is often higher than that of petrochemical industry. Reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions is one of the key issues to be solved for the high-quality development of the coal industry. At present, many enterprises are promoting the coupling development of coal chemical industry with green power, green hydrogen, carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage, etc., to create a low-carbon and circular efficient coal conversion industry chain.
在国能国华投资宁夏分公司清水营制氢厂，电解槽有序运行。它们利用光伏电站发出的绿电制氢，绿氢经压缩机加压后，由管道输送至宁东能源化工基地的煤化工项目，替代部分煤制灰氢。“去年9月投产以来，累计产氢量突破400吨，预计今年6月产能将释放到最大，届时年度减碳量可达近4.5万吨。”制氢厂副厂长史俊杰介绍。
一边源头“减”碳，另一边终端“捕”碳。今年初，宁夏300万吨/年CCUS(碳捕集、利用与封存)示范项目二期项目合作方案签订，项目旨在将400万吨/年煤炭间接液化项目排放的二氧化碳气体捕集后，通过管道输送至国内最大的油气生产基地长庆油田进行驱油封存。项目整体建成投产后，减排二氧化碳总规模相当于每年植树近2700万棵，助力提升煤化工绿色低碳发展水平。
Why has it changed?
Industry-university-research collaboration, complementary advantages of all parties, and policy guidance to promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation
跳出“挖煤—卖煤”的传统路子，煤炭正由单一燃料向原料和燃料并重转变。中国煤炭工业协会数据显示，我国煤制油、煤制气、煤制烯烃、煤制乙二醇产能已发展到931万吨/年、74.55亿立方米/年、1972万吨/年、1143万吨/年，煤基特种燃料、煤基生物可降解材料、高强丝等产业培育取得积极进展。
Behind the changes in coal products is the unremitting efforts of the whole industry to optimize the supply structure and focus on promoting the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation.
In the National Energy Ningxia Coal Industry Washing Center, the pilot line of coal-based lithium battery anode materials is being debugged and improved. "The Taixi coal used in the pilot line is known as the 'king of coal', with high calorific value, low ash and low sulfur content, and the large-scale application in the past was limited to the production of low value-added products such as conventional activated carbon and carburizers, and the characteristics have not been fully utilized." Yang Zhongfu, deputy director of the washing center, said that in recent years, the center has been in communication with universities and institutes to seek a better transformation direction, "Taixi coal-based lithium battery anode materials can make up for the shortcomings of lithium batteries in low temperature, fast charging, etc., and the project is preparing for industrial transformation and laying the foundation for market expansion." ”
Behind scientific and technological innovation, it is inseparable from the cooperation of industry, academia, research and application, and the complementary advantages of all parties.
2024年，CTL和PAO润滑油基础油成套技术万吨级工程示范项目获得立项批复，让国能宁煤煤炭化学工业技术研究院负责人李瑞龙感到自豪：“我们成功突破了煤基高端润滑油关键技术瓶颈，自主研发的基础油产品具有低温动力黏度低、氧化安定性高、纯净环保等特点，实现了这一技术领域的自主可控。”
China University of Petroleum (Beijing) assisted in the research and development of isomeric dewaxing catalysts and refining catalysts; Tsinghua University, Tianjin University, etc. provide kinetic theory research results; Guangzhou SINOMACH Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd. provides lubricating oil formula and blending reference; Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute is responsible for the integration and transformation of achievements...... Enterprises and universities and institutes collaborate and innovate to help coal "transform" efficiently.
Scientific and technological innovation is inseparable from policy guidance.
Since the "14th Five-Year Plan", the Ningxia Department of Science and Technology has vigorously supported the scientific and technological innovation of the modern coal chemical industry, focusing on the fields of coal-to-liquid, coal-based olefins, etc., organizing and implementing more than 20 key R&D projects in the autonomous region, supporting the construction of scientific and technological innovation platform carriers such as the Ningdong Modern Coal Chemical Pilot Base, and gathering scientific and technological innovation resources inside and outside the region with the help of the east-west scientific and technological cooperation mechanism, and enhancing the ability to participate in national key R&D projects.
"To transform and upgrade the development of the coal industry, we must take the road of green and low-carbon development." The relevant person in charge of the China Coal Industry Association said that in the next step, the industry should adhere to the extension of the coal-based industrial chain, optimize and adjust the product structure, explore and study the low-carbon development path of coal raw materials, open up the industrial chain of coal-to-oil and gas, chemical and new materials, and promote the transformation of coal from fuel to fuel and raw materials.
People's Daily (18/0/0 0 Edition)