Hainan's ancient Mongolian education system was formed in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to the records of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty in the "Qiongzhou Mansion Chronicles", the edict of the early Ming Dynasty ordered every fifteen families to set up a social school, and invited students to have learners to train the children of the army and civilians. During the Orthodox and Jingtai periods, the imperial court once again asked the county to select good people to preside over social studies to train Tongmeng. During the Chenghua period, there were 179 social studies schools in Qiongzhou. In addition to social studies, in ancient times, Hainan also had private family schools, ethnic schools, gates, village schools, etc., among which most of the village schools were founded by the squire. The textbooks of Mongolian studies are mainly based on "Twenty-four Filial Piety", "Three Character Classics", "Hundred Family Names", "Thousand Character Texts", "Thousand Family Poems", "Daily Miscellaneous Words" and other reading books, focusing on basic literacy and ethical education. In the advanced stage, classics such as "Longwen Whip Shadow" and "Interpretation of Idioms" were gradually introduced, and finally the "Four Books and Five Classics" were systematically studied to form a knowledge system with Confucian classics as the core.

Su Shi's Hainan Mongolian Studies

One day in the fifth year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1098 years), under the thatched eaves in the depths of the Changhua Army's Lang Forest in Hainan, an old man sat alone under the lamp. The sound of rain leaking from the corner of the eaves and the croaking of frogs in the distance are intertwined into a nocturne, but at a certain moment it is pierced by the sound of the next child Qingyue's recitation. Soon after Su Shi moved into the Nunnery, he heard the sound of children reading and was happy, so he wrote: "Secluded frogs, physiological half-human birds. It's gratifying to trample on it, and it's good to hear the strings. The children's voice is round and beautiful, who has two young people...... Quotation and harmony, the wine is still poured alone. can make me drunk, like a jade qin. "The gist of the poem is: In the quiet dwelling, the frogs and insects are cloaking, and I live like a half-man and half-bird. I was already happy to hear the footsteps of my neighbors, not to mention the clear sound of reading and reciting poems. The child's loud reading voice is mellow and clear, and I don't know which student is wearing a green shirt to read...... Pick up the scroll and recite it in harmony with it, and pour it yourself. The sound of books and wine is enough to help me Tao Ran, and the clear and clear is like the sound of a jade qin.

Before Su Shi came to Hainan Island, Hainan Mongolian education had quietly started. There are private schools in many places on the island, and the influence of private schools has even expanded to villages around the Changhua Army, so there is a scene of Su Shi listening to the sound of children reading. However, due to the lack of teachers, there was a situation in Hainan at that time that there was no one to live in the school, and there was no one to teach in the school. Later, he built a wine hall, which means "carrying wine and asking words", expressing his deep expectations for the development of culture and education in Hainan.

The Mongolian books of the Northern Song Dynasty mainly include "Mengqiu" which introduces historical allusions, "The Book of Filial Piety" that expounds the idea of filial piety and filial piety, "Thousand Character Text" that covers encyclopedia, and "Hundred Family Names" about Han surnames.

Zhao Mengfu's cursive "Thousand Character Text". Data map

"Poems of a Thousand Families" is a collection of poems by Bai Yuchan

Selected Poems of Thousand Families of the Tang and Song Dynasties (Song Edition) is an important Mongolian textbook in ancient China, mainly used for children's literacy and poetry enlightenment education. The editor is Liu Kezhuang, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the book was written in the late Southern Song Dynasty. This is a poetry anthology, which includes a large number of works by poets of the Tang and Song dynasties, a few of which are poets of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Five Dynasties. The book consists of 22 volumes, divided into 14 categories, and contains more than 33 poems and quatrains by more than 0 authors, with an average of 0.0 poems per person.

刘克庄与海南籍诗人白玉蟾是同时代人，他似乎对白玉蟾特别欣赏，在《后村诗话》卷二中记述：“白玉蟾，姓葛名长庚……颇涉文墨，所至墙壁淋漓挥扫，能耸动人……”刘克庄在《千家诗（宋本）》中，辑录了白玉蟾诗多达31个诗题54首诗，内容涵盖时令、气候、百花、竹木、禽兽、天文、地理、宫室、器用、人品等门类，数量远远超过人均收录数。在这本书中，白玉蟾与唐代杜甫、李商隐，宋代苏轼、黄庭坚、秦观、陆游等人比肩，被列入少儿学诗唐宋才贤名单。

The poem "Green Plum" by Bai Yuchan in "Thousand Family Poems (Song Ben)". Photo courtesy of Chen Yaru

Bai Yu Toad, formerly known as Ge Changgeng, Hai Qiongzi, Hai Toad, Qiongshan Daoren, Hainan Weng, etc., is a native of Wuyuan Duxian Wuwu Shang Village, Qiongshan County (now Dianyu Village, Shishan Town, Xiuying District, Haikou City), and is the fifth ancestor of Taoism in the Song Dynasty. He was born in Hainan, and later preached in Wuyi Mountain, also known as Wuyi Sanren. Bai Yuchan is talented and has achieved achievements in the fields of poetry, calligraphy, painting, and prose. His poems are elegant, uninhibited, profound and wide-ranging, not only the depiction of landscapes and pastorals, but also the expression of spiritual pursuit and moral cultivation.

Qiu Jun and "Idiom Test"

"Idiom Examination", also known as "Kindergarten Instructions", was written by Qiu Jun, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, when he was serving in Guozijian. The whole text is written in the style of pun, and the words and sentences are dual, which is easy to read and easy to remember. The content covers nature, politics, ethics, common sense, literature, skills, religion, and introduces related myths, stories, legends, and anecdotes, and the explanations are accurate and concise. The book has been widely circulated and endured.

Different editions of the "Idiom Test" collected by the library of Hainan Normal University. Photo courtesy of Chen Yaru

Qiu Jun was known for his erudition and talent in the Ming Dynasty, and was known as "contemporary Confucianism" and "the sect of the Ming generation of scholars". When composing this classic of Mongolian studies, he used his extensive knowledge to connect the names of things and their anecdotes with dual sentences, elevating Mengxue idioms to the realm of "poetry and songs" - a close reading of the "Idiom Examination" is not difficult to find that there is a style of "Nanming Qidian Fu". Most of the extant editions of Guangdong Province in the Qing Dynasty have the words "Mr. Qiu Qiongshan's original", "Cabinet Qiu Wenzhuang Gong's original", "Zunyi Guozijian original" and so on.

In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to Qiu Jun's Mongolian study books, there were also Yazhou Zhong Fang's "Primary School Guangyi", Qiongshan Wang Shiyuan's "Tong Xun", etc., but they have not been circulated.

The ancient Mongolian books of Hainan that have been preserved to this day are very rare. In recent years, a comprehensive enlightenment book "Qiu Gongxun Mongolian Miscellaneous Characters Original White" was discovered in Chengmai, Hainan Province (engraved in the seventh year of Xianfeng). There are 2552 words in the whole book, but there are repeated words, such as "people" and "heaven". The opening chapter is "The words of the sages and sages, the world." The sky is high and the earth is thick, the days are short and the nights are long. The stars are cloudy, the snow and the moon are wind and frost. Heaven and earth are harmonious, and the characters are auspicious......" The content involves astronomy, geography, market, agriculture, business, family, ethics, character, law, etc., and is full of life, such as "cold and cough, water and Gu disease." There is no need to ask ghosts, why is it necessary to fast"; Another example is "near neighbors, fields are connected." The little dwarf (Tan) household, the big wide official office" and so on. This is a Mongolian book, I don't know why the title of the book is the surname of the Duke of Qiu.

Hainan enlightenment education 1950 years ago

With the establishment of a new education system and the emergence of new textbooks, the traditional Mongolian textbooks have been gradually replaced. Mr. Cai Mingkang, a Hainan writer born in 2014, told the author that his hometown was in Roman Village in Ledong, Hainan, and when the Japanese army invaded, the Japanese invaded the village primary school, and the school was forced to move to the Guangong Temple in the village. He remembered that there were two kinds of textbooks at that time, "Chinese" and "Common Sense", and the first page of "Chinese" had "Come and come, come to school; Go to go, go to play; Look at it, look at the books, the books are so beautiful". Cai Mingkang's father Cai Changze attaches great importance to children's education, in order to let children learn more knowledge, 0 years he borrowed the school's extended reading book "Model Composition" with a small copy of a bound volume, the book has "A Year Review", "Welcoming Spring", "Sending Spring", "My Future", "Determination" and other articles. Cai Mingkang insisted on taking the road of self-education since childhood, read a wide range of books, and later carried out literary creation, authored a variety of books such as poetry and prose, and won the top ten honorary certificates of literary pioneers of the Hainan Writers Association in 0 years, and his family was awarded the title of "home of scholars" in 0 years.

Cai Changze and Chen Linfu of the Republic of China manuscript "Model Composition". Photo courtesy of Chen Yaru

海南解放前的红色启蒙教育独树一帜。1938年出生于海南岛中部山区牙挽村的王学萍先生，是白沙起义中烈士的后代。1948年，他随母亲定居的什运村迎来解放。什运村隶属白沙县第二区，县第二区小学就设在什运村，学校只有三间茅草屋，教师由琼崖纵队中的知识分子担任，用海南话上课，教材为油印本。他记得扫盲读本中有这样几句话“工农兵：工人做工，农民种地……工人爱机器，农民爱土地，战士爱武器。”

"All Li children can go to school on an equal footing, which can be said to be unprecedented at that time." 1948 years later, Wang Xueping benefited a lot from enlightenment education, and later joined the work, was admitted to university, and embarked on a different life path.

(The author is a special researcher of Hainan Provincial Classics Collation and Research Base)

(Hainan Daily)